Historically, the Punjabi people were a heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari (literally meaning "brotherhood") or tribes, with each person bound to a clan. More or less all Punjabis share the same cultural background. Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the Punjabi language their mother tongue. Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Prior to that the sense and perception of a common "Punjabi" ethno-cultural identity and community did not exist, even though the majority of the various communities of the Punjab region had long shared linguistic, cultural and racial commonalities. The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE. The historical Punjab region (see Partition of Punjab for important historical context) is often referred to as the breadbasket in both India and Pakistan. The name of the region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors of the Indian subcontinent. The term Punjab means the five waters from Persian: panj ("five") and āb ("waters"). They speak Punjabi, a language from the Indo-Aryan language family.
The Punjabis ( Punjabi ( Shahmukhi): پنجابی, Punjabi ( Gurmukhi): ਪੰਜਾਬੀ) or the Punjabi people, are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group associated with the Punjab region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent presently divided between Pakistani Punjab and Indian Punjab.
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